On this date in 1517, a Roman Catholic priest by the name of Martin Luther tacked a document on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, that launched the Protestant Reformation. Luther's "95 Theses" was a call to debate the validity of selling and buying indulgences for forgiveness of sins to shorten one's stay in Purgatory. (You could purchase forgiveness and a lesser punishment if you paid the proper price.) What led this priest to question and confront the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
"Luther, still plagued by his sense of sinfulness and still determined to achieve a right relationship with God through stringent efforts at being 'religious,' was ordained as a priest in 1507...On business for the Augustinians, Luther made a trip to Rome, where the pious, rustic young Saxon priest was shaken by the crass commercialism and ostentatious splendor fostered by the Vatican."
After returning to Wittenberg, Dr. Martin Luther's "intensive studies of the Scriptures, beginning with his lectures of the Psalms from 1513-1515, and continuing with Romans, Galatians, Hebrews, and Titus in 1516, convinced Luther that salvation is a a new relationship with God, based not on merit accrued by man's efforts but by complete trust on God's promises...The full meaning of the gospel burst on Luther late in 1516 when the phrase, "the just shall live by faith" from Galatians 3 released him from his haunting sense of guilt to the freedom of relying on God's grace."
"The Theses were intended for academic discussion, not as a revolt against the pope or the Church of Rome. They were translated into German, circulated throughout Europe and thrust Luther into the maelstrom of controversy."
In the years to come, Martin Luther would face increasing hostility from the Church. In 1520, he was presented with a papal bull that threatened to excommunicate him from the Church. Luther burned it along with a copy of canon law in open defiance of the pope's authority. Luther refused to renounce any of his viewpoints.
Soon thereafter, Luther was expelled from the Church and was summoned by Emperor Charles V to appear before an Imperial Diet in Worms, Germany. Before the entire assembly of churchmen, nobles, and princes, Luther was ordered to recant his views. He refused, saying, "Unless I am refuted and convicted by testimonies of Scripture or by clear arguments, my conscience is bound in the Word of God: I cannot and will not recant anything. I cannot do otherwise. Here I stand. God help me, Amen."
[From Who's Who in Church History, by William P. Barker, pp. 179-181. More about Martin Luther's life here.]
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